Anatomy and Physiology I Objectives
Unit 1 | Unit
2 | Unit 3 | Unit
4
Unit 1 Objectives
Following the completion of Unit 1 of A & P (Ch 1 and 2), you should
be able to:
1. Define and distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
2. Identify branches of anatomy and their area of study including: gross,
microscopic, regional, surface, cytology, and histology.
3. Recognize levels of structural organization from atoms to organisms.
4. Identify the major organ systems and describe their functions.
5. Describe the principle of complementarity of structure and function.
6. List and describe characteristics of life.
7. Identify and describe survival needs.
8. Define, provide examples of homeostasis, and explain how it is maintained.
9. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback.
10. Define anatomical terms and use them to identify structures. Including:
Anatomical Position.
Regions: see Figures 1.7, 1.11, & 1.12, pages 14, 21, & 22.
Planes: see Figure 1.8, page 15.
Orientation and Directions: see Table 1.1, page 16.
Cavities: see Figure 1.9, page 17.
Membranes: see Figure 1.10, page 20.
11. Explain why aspects of chemistry and physics are included in A &
P.
12. Define energy and distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
13. Identify examples of kinetic and potential energy.
14. State and describe the importance of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
15. State and describe the importance of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
16. Define: matter, element, atom, isotope, atomic weight, compound, molecule,
H bond, mixture.
17. List the states of matter.
18. Name and describe the components of atoms.
19. Explain bonding of atoms in terms of, and distinguish between, covalent
and ionic bonds.
20. Distinguish between non-polar and polar- covalent bonds.
21. Describe and distinguish between types of mixtures: solution, colloid,
and suspension.
22. Identify reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
23. Distinguish between types of chemical reactions including: synthesis,
decomposition, exchange, and oxidation reduction.
24. Describe chemical equilibrium.
25. Explain why most physiologic reactions are irreversible.
26. List and explain factors that affect reaction rates.
27. Describe the function of catalysts.
28. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
29. List and describe the importance of major inorganic compounds types,
including: water, salts, acids and bases, buffers.
30. Explain the concept of pH.
31. List and describe the importance and structural building blocks of major
organic compound types, including: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
32. Define and/or describe the importance of: simple sugar, disaccharide,
polysaccharide, polymer, dehydration synthesis, dehydration, neutral fat,
phospholipid, steroid, amino acid, primary structure, secondary structure,
tertiary structure, quaternary structure, substrate, active site, nucleotide,
base pairing, DNA, RNA, and ATP.
Unit 2 Objectives
Following the completion of Unit 2 of A & P (Ch 3 & 4), you should
be able to:
1. Recognize that all organisms are made of cells.
2. Describe common cell features.
3. Explain cell membranes in terms of the fluid mosaic model, phospholipid
bilayer, and other components and their functions.
4. Describe structure and function of plasma membrane specializations, including:
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
5. Distinguish between active and passive transport (include energy and
gradient requirements) through membranes.
6. Define and explain examples of diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion,
filtration, active transport, bu1k transport, endocytosis, phagocytosis,
and pinocytosis.
7. Describe membrane potential.
8. Define: cytoplasm, cytosol, inclusions, and organelles.
9. Identify structure (on a drawing) and describe functions of: plasma membrane,
nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough
& smooth), golgi, lysosomes & vacuoles, centrosomes & centrioles,
cilia & flaqella, nuclear membrane, chromatin, and nucleolus.
10. List and describe functions of cytoskeletal elements, including: microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, microtubules.
11. List and describe the events in stages in the cell cycle.
12. Explain DNA structure in terms of nucleotide sequence and nucleotide
pairs.
13. Explain the events in DNA replication, including the need for base pairs.
14. Justify the need for cell division.
15. List and describe the stages of mitosis.
16. Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.
17. Explain the process of DNA action in a cell through transcription (RNA
synthesis) and translation (protein synthesis).
18. Describe the events of and materials needed for transcription.
19. Describe the events of and materials needed for translation.
20. Distinguish among tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA.
2l. Distinguish between codons and anticodons.
22. Explain a mutation in terms of DNA, RNA, and protein structure and function.
23. List and describe extracellular materials.
24. Explain development and aging in terms of turning genes on and off.
25. Define tissue.
26. List the four major tissue types and describe their major characteristics
and functions.
27. Identify typical structure, function, location, and examples of epithelial
tissue.
28. Explain and identify examples of how epithelial tissues are classified.
29. Describe the structure and function of glandular epithelium.
30. Identify typical structure, function, location, origin, and types of
connective tissue.
31. Describe components of typical connective tlssue.
32. Describe components, examples, and functions of epithelial membranes.
33. Identify typical structure, function, location, and examples of muscle
tissue.
34. Distinguish between the healing types -- regeneration and repair.
35. Describe the events of healing following an injury.
36. Identify the primary germ layer of development and their tissue fates.
Unit 3 Objectives
Following the completion of Unit 3 of A & P I (Ch 5, 6, & 7),
you should be able to:
1. Identify the layers of skin, their tissue composition, and functions.
2. List cell types found in epidermis and describe their functions, including:
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells.
3. List and describe the layers of the epidermis.
4. Explain the function of melanin.
5. List components of the dermis and describe their functions.
6. List and describe the layers of the dermis.
7. Identify skin appendages.
8. Recognize hair and hair follicle structure.
9. Distinguish between the sweat gland types of eccrine and apocrine in
terms of structure, function, and location.
10. Describe ceruminous glands.
11. Describe sebaceous glands.
12. Explain the protective functions of the integument as chemical, physical,
or biological.
13. Explain the excretion functions of the integument.
14. Explain the temperature regulation functions of the integument.
15. List and describe the sense receptors of the skin.
16. Describe the role of the skin in vitamin D synthesis and as a blood
reservoir.
17. Distinguish among 1st, 2nd, & 3rd degree burns of the skin.
18. Distinguish between and identify the major components of the axial and
appendicular divisions of the skeleton.
19. Recognize bone marking terms, including projections and depressions
(See Figure 6.1, page 162).
20. Identify the components of the axial skeleton, including: skull (cranium
& face and their bones), sutures, orbits, nasal cavity, hyoid, vertebral
column (divisions, curves, & discs), ribs, and sternum.
21. Describe general characteristics of vertebrae, including: body, vertebral
arch, and processes.
22. Identify the components of the appendicular skeleton, including: pectoral
girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb, and their components.
23. List skeletal cartilage types and describe their growth and functions.
24. Describe the functions of bones, including: support, protection, movement,
storage of fat and minerals, and blood cell formation.
25. Distinguish among bone types, including: long, short, flat, and irregular.
26. Describe and distinguish between compact and spongy bone.
27. Recognize and describe the function of typical long bone structures,
including: diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, epiphyseal lines periosteum,
endosteum, and hyaline cartilage.
28. Identify the site of blood formation in infants and adults.
29. Recognize and describe microscopic bone structure.
30. Describe organic and inorganic bone composition.
31. Explain the process of ossification in membrane bone.
32. Explain the process of endochondral ossification.
33. Describe the role of fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoid, alkaline phosphatase,
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone formation.
34. Distinguish between primary and secondary ossification sites.
35. Describe appositional bone growth.
36. Explain the role of growth hormone in bone growth.
37. Describe the process of bone remodeling.
38. Explain physiologic functions and regulation of calcium ions.
39. Identify fracture types.
40. Explain the process of fracture repair.
41. Distinguish among osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease in
terms of causes, symptoms, and victims.
Unit 4 Objectives
Following the completion of Unit 4 of A & P I (Ch 8, 9, & 10),
you should be able to:
1. Use functional characteristics to identify example articulations as synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
2. Use structural characteristics to identify example articulations as fibrous,
cartilaginous, or synovial.
3. Classify examples of fibrous joints as sutures, syndesmoses, or gomphoses.
4. Classify examples of cartilaginous joints as synchondroses or symphyses.
5. Identify the characteristics of synovial joints, including: articular
cartilage, fluid filled cavity, fibrous capsule, synovial fluid, and ligaments.
6. Describe bursae.
7. List and describe the factors that stabilize synovial joints.
8. Identify movements as examples of gliding, angular (Figure 8.6, page
230) rotation (page 231), or special (Figure 8.7, page 233).
9. Identify synovial ioint types, including: plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid,
saddle, and ball and socket.
10. Describe and distinguish among common joint injuries, including: sprain,
cartilage tear, dislocation, bursitis, tendonitis, arthritis.
11. Describe and distinguish among types of arthritis, including: osteo-,
rheumatoid, and gouty.
12. Identify muscle types by fiber arrangement, functional characteristics,
and location.
13. List major muscle functions.
14. List and describe functional characteristics of muscle, including: excitability,
contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.
15. Identify gross anatomical features of skeletal muscle, including: fiber,
endomysium, fascicle, perimysium, epimysium, and fascia.
16. Describe attachment of muscles to bones.
17. recognize fascicle arrangement, including: parallel, fusiform, pennate,
convergent, and circular.
18. Identify microscopic muscle anatomy, including: multinucleate, sarcomere,
T tubules, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibrils, actin, myosin, A band, Z
line, and H zone.
19. Describe muscle contraction in terms of events including sliding filaments
at the sarcomere level.
20. Explain the importance of ATP and calcium ions to muscle contraction.
21. Explain the role of the nerve impulse, neurotransmitter, polarization,
depolarization, action potential, repolarization, and excitation - contraction
coupling on muscle contraction.
22. Explain the role of acetylcholine, acetylcholine esterase, sodium and
potassium ions, receptors, and channels on muscle contraction.
23. Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction.
24. Define, with examples: motor unit, treppe, muscle tone, isometric, isotonic,
and oxygen debt.
25. List and describe the components of a muscle twitch.
26. Explain what is meant by an "all or none" response in terms
of a muscle.
27. Describe and distinguish between the graded responses of wave summation
and multiple motor unit summation.
28. List and describe energy sources for muscle contraction, including:
ATP, creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.
29. Distinguish among fiber types, red slow, white fast, and intermediate
fast twitch in terms of fiber size, myoglobin, ATPase, and ATP production
pathway.
30. Compare smooth muscle cells to skeletal muscle cells in terms of size,
shape, and intracellular components.
31. Describe the arrangement and innervation of smooth muscle cells.
32. Compare smooth an skeletal muscle contraction and their regulation.
33. Distinguish (with examples) between single unit and multiunit smooth
muscle.
34. Identify the components of a lever system.
35. Provide examples and distinguish among 1st 2nd , and 3rd class levers.
36. Define: prime mover, agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
37. Recognize that muscles are named in terms of location, shape, relative
size, fiber direction, number of origins, location, and action.