Characteristics:

• Intermediate tolerance of shading, slow-growing, long-lived, semi-permanent overstory (dry uplands).
• Naturally maintained by fire and drought in dry areas.
• Artificially maintained by clear cutting.
• Examples:

  White oak (Quercus alba)

  Northern red oak (Quercus rubra)

  Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata)

  White ash (Fraxinus americana)